^a Gr. κατ’ ἐκλογὴν χάριτος.

^b γεγονεν: perfect active indicative 3rd person singular. Paul uses this perfect active indicative form purposefully to indicate what has changed, happened or become elsewhere in this letter: ie: (Rom 2:25)if you are a transgressor, THEN your circumcision γεγονεν has become uncircumcision.. OR (Rom 6:5) if we have become γεγοναμεν one in the same with the likeness of His death, we will be of the resurrection (Rom 11:25) that callousness in part γεγονεν has happened to Israel.. in each example of this perfect active indicative, something has changed or become of what was not before so we can't translate γεγονεν as if it said this remnant were a static lot of folks who have always been chosen according to grace when the grammar and vocabulary Paul is using is telling us that they have become/ a remnant has happened (2Cor 5:17) τα αρχαια παρηλθεν ιδου γεγονεν καινα τα παντα ..the old has passed away, behold, all things have become new (Gal 3:24) so the law has/ had became our guardian into/ until Christ (NASB, NET, YLT)